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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border:2px solid #90ee90"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#90ee90;padding:0.2em;font-size:175%;font-weight:bold"><a href="Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="Darwin's_finches" title="Darwin's finches">Darwin's finches</a> by <a href="John_Gould" title="John Gould">John Gould</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.55em; background-color: transparent;">
<div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Index_of_evolutionary_biology_articles" title="Index of evolutionary biology articles">Index</a></li>
<li><a href="Introduction_to_evolution" title="Introduction to evolution">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="Evolution" title="Evolution">Main</a></li>
<li><a href="Outline_of_evolution" title="Outline of evolution">Outline</a></li></ul>
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</div>
<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_evolutionary_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of evolutionary biology">Glossary</a></li>
<li><a href="Evidence_of_common_descent" title="Evidence of common descent">Evidence</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_life" title="History of life">History</a></li></ul>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Processes and outcomes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population genetics</a></li>
<li><a href="Genetic_variation" title="Genetic variation">Variation</a></li>
<li><a href="Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">Diversity</a></li>
<li><a href="Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutation</a></li>
<li><a href="Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></li>
<li><a href="Adaptation" title="Adaptation">Adaptation</a></li>
<li><a href="Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">Polymorphism</a></li>
<li><a href="Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">Genetic drift</a></li>
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<li><a href="Speciation" title="Speciation">Speciation</a></li>
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<li><a href="Parallel_evolution" title="Parallel evolution">Parallel evolution</a></li>
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<ul><li><a href="Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Origin of life</a></li>
<li><a href="Common_descent" title="Common descent">Common descent</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_life" title="History of life">History of life</a></li>
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<li><a href="History_of_molecular_evolution" title="History of molecular evolution">Molecular evolution</a></li>
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<p><b>Selection coefficient</b>, usually denoted by the letter <i>s</i>, is a measure used in <a href="Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">population genetics</a> to quantify the relative <a href="Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">fitness</a> of a <a href="Genotype" title="Genotype">genotype</a> compared to other genotypes. Selection coefficients are central to the quantitative description of evolution, since fitness differences determine the change in genotype frequencies attributable to <a href="Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">selection</a>.
</p><p>The selection coefficient is typically calculated using fitness values. The fitness (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>W</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./54a9c4c547f4d6111f81946cad242b18298d70b7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.435ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W}" loading="lazy"></span>) of a genotype is a measure of its reproductive success, often expressed as a fraction of the maximum reproductive success in the population. The formula to calculate the selection coefficient <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./01d131dfd7673938b947072a13a9744fe997e632.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s}" loading="lazy"></span> for a genotype is: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s=1-W}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>W</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s=1-W}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./aa60e3f91bcfb2d37399f28cde8bb7c4dbfbbb41.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:10.627ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s=1-W}" loading="lazy"></span>, where <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>W</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./54a9c4c547f4d6111f81946cad242b18298d70b7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.435ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W}" loading="lazy"></span> is the relative fitness of the genotype, ranging between 0 and 1.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Suppose we have two genotypes, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle AA}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle AA}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./5c4bbbeba3c9275c1b8612ed282f8f1347c9629b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.486ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle AA}" loading="lazy"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Aa}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Aa}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./cecefba498c5dcabc884cedb885f1de8f65fcb27.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.973ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Aa}" loading="lazy"></span>, with relative fitness values of 1 (most fit, standard reference) and 0.8, the selection coefficient (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./01d131dfd7673938b947072a13a9744fe997e632.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s}" loading="lazy"></span>) for <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle AA}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle AA}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./5c4bbbeba3c9275c1b8612ed282f8f1347c9629b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.486ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle AA}" loading="lazy"></span> is <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1-1=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1-1=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./f6e3a458263e924d197c37a58beae62ade425ddf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:9.426ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1-1=0}" loading="lazy"></span> (no selection against this genotype); the selection coefficient (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./01d131dfd7673938b947072a13a9744fe997e632.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s}" loading="lazy"></span>) for <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Aa}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Aa}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./cecefba498c5dcabc884cedb885f1de8f65fcb27.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.973ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Aa}" loading="lazy"></span> is <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1-0.8=0.2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>0.8</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0.2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1-0.8=0.2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./4e5d8bea6a9218ee252b062ecab0d6e38780f1bb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:13.045ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1-0.8=0.2}" loading="lazy"></span> (this indicates that the <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Aa}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Aa}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./cecefba498c5dcabc884cedb885f1de8f65fcb27.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.973ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Aa}" loading="lazy"></span> genotype has 20% reduction in fitness compared to the <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle AA}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle AA}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./5c4bbbeba3c9275c1b8612ed282f8f1347c9629b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.486ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle AA}" loading="lazy"></span> genotype).
</p><p>For example, the lactose-tolerant allele spread from very low frequencies to high frequencies in less than 9000 years since farming with an estimated selection coefficient of 0.09-0.19 for a Scandinavian population. Though this selection coefficient might seem like a very small number, over evolutionary time, the favored alleles accumulate in the population and become more and more common, potentially reaching fixation.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Evolutionary_pressure" title="Evolutionary pressure">Evolutionary pressure</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">
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</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-4020-6754-9_15281">"Selection Coefficient"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Genetics, Genomics, Proteomics and Informatics</i>. <a href="Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. 16 July 2016. p. 1775. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-6754-9_15281">10.1007/978-1-4020-6754-9_15281</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4020-6754-9</bdi>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGillespie2004" class="citation book cs1">Gillespie, John H. (2004). <i>Population genetics : a concise guide</i> (2nd ed.). Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0801880092</bdi>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bersaglieri, T. et al. Genetic signatures of strong recent positive selection at the lactase gene. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74,1111-1120(2004).</span>
</li>
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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Population_genetics292" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Population_genetics292" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population genetics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Hardy%E2%80%93Weinberg_principle" title="Hardy–Weinberg principle">Hardy–Weinberg principle</a></li>
<li><a href="Genetic_linkage" title="Genetic linkage">Genetic linkage</a></li>
<li><a href="Identity_by_descent" title="Identity by descent">Identity by descent</a></li>
<li><a href="Linkage_disequilibrium" title="Linkage disequilibrium">Linkage disequilibrium</a></li>
<li><a href="Fisher's_fundamental_theorem_of_natural_selection" title="Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection">Fisher's fundamental theorem</a></li>
<li><a href="Neutral_theory_of_molecular_evolution" title="Neutral theory of molecular evolution">Neutral theory</a></li>
<li><a href="Shifting_balance_theory" title="Shifting balance theory">Shifting balance theory</a></li>
<li><a href="Price_equation" title="Price equation">Price equation</a></li>
<li><a href="Coefficient_of_inbreeding" title="Coefficient of inbreeding">Coefficient of inbreeding</a></li>
<li><a href="Coefficient_of_relationship" title="Coefficient of relationship">Coefficient of relationship</a></li>
<li><a href="Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">Fitness</a></li>
<li><a href="Heritability" title="Heritability">Heritability</a></li>
<li><a href="Population_structure_(genetics)" title="Population structure (genetics)">Population structure</a></li>
<li><a href="Constructive_neutral_evolution" title="Constructive neutral evolution">Constructive neutral evolution</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Selection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural</a></li>
<li><a href="Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Artificial</a></li>
<li><a href="Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">Sexual</a></li>
<li><a href="Ecological_selection" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological selection">Ecological</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;">Effects of selection<br>on genomic variation</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Genetic_hitchhiking" title="Genetic hitchhiking">Genetic hitchhiking</a></li>
<li><a href="Negative_selection_(natural_selection)" title="Negative selection (natural selection)">Background selection</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">Genetic drift</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Small_population_size" title="Small population size">Small population size</a></li>
<li><a href="Population_bottleneck" title="Population bottleneck">Population bottleneck</a></li>
<li><a href="Founder_effect" title="Founder effect">Founder effect</a></li>
<li><a href="Coalescent_theory" title="Coalescent theory">Coalescence</a></li>
<li><a href="Balding%E2%80%93Nichols_model" title="Balding–Nichols model">Balding–Nichols model</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">R. A. Fisher</a></li>
<li><a href="J._B._S._Haldane" title="J. B. S. Haldane">J. B. S. Haldane</a></li>
<li><a href="Sewall_Wright" title="Sewall Wright">Sewall Wright</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li>
<li><a href="Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></li>
<li><a href="Evolutionary_game_theory" title="Evolutionary game theory">Evolutionary game theory</a></li>
<li><a href="Fitness_landscape" title="Fitness landscape">Fitness landscape</a></li>
<li><a href="Genetic_genealogy" title="Genetic genealogy">Genetic genealogy</a></li>
<li><a href="Landscape_genetics" title="Landscape genetics">Landscape genetics</a> and <a href="Landscape_genomics" title="Landscape genomics">genomics</a></li>
<li><a href="Microevolution" title="Microevolution">Microevolution</a></li>
<li><a href="Population_genomics" title="Population genomics">Population genomics</a></li>
<li><a href="Phylogeography" title="Phylogeography">Phylogeography</a></li>
<li><a href="Quantitative_genetics" title="Quantitative genetics">Quantitative genetics</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div>
<ul><li><a href="Index_of_evolutionary_biology_articles" title="Index of evolutionary biology articles">Index of evolutionary biology articles</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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